Linux 繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝画掠隕玖｡ｨ/Linux commands cheet-sheet
===============================================

縺薙�繝壹�繧ｸ縺ｧ縺ｯ縲√◆縺上＆繧薙≠繧記inux縺ｮ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨�縺�■縲∫音縺ｫ蝓ｺ譛ｬ逧�↑謫堺ｽ�
縺ｧ縺ゅｋ縲√ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ荳€隕ｧ縲∫ｧｻ蜍輔€∝炎髯､縺ｨ縺�▲縺溘ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ髢｢騾｣縺ｮ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨�
菴ｿ縺�婿縺ｮ萓九ｒ遉ｺ縺励∪縺吶€ゅ＊縺｣縺ｨ隕区ｸ｡縺帙ｋ繧医≧縺ｫ縲∬ｪｬ譏弱�譛€蟆城剞縺ｫ縺ｨ縺ｩ繧√∪縺吶€�
Linux謫堺ｽ懊′縺ｯ縺倥ａ縺ｦ縺ｨ縺�≧莠ｺ縺ｯ縲√∪縺壹％繧後ｉ繧偵�繧ｹ繧ｿ繝ｼ縺励∪縺励ｇ縺�€�

繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨Λ繧､繝ｳ謫堺ｽ懊ｒ譛ｬ縺ｧ縺励▲縺九ｊ蜍牙ｼｷ縺励※縺ｿ縺溘＞縺ｨ縺�≧譁ｹ縺ｫ縺ｯ縲�
[荳牙ｮ�2015]_ 繧� [荳ｭ蟲ｶ2018]_ 縺ｨ縺�▲縺滓悽繧偵♀蜍ｧ繧√＠縺ｾ縺吶€�

In this page, the most basic commands are shown, which are the file
related commands, such as listing, copying, moving, deleting files.
To make it easy to glimpse through, minimal explanation is given.
If you are a beginner to linux, these are the commands you should
learn first.

繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｫ髢｢縺吶ｋ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝�/commands on files
------------------------------------------

.. _command-ls:

ls 繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｮ荳ｭ霄ｫ繧定ｦ九ｋ/list the contents of a directory
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

繧ｫ繝ｬ繝ｳ繝医ョ繧｣繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｮ荳ｭ霄ｫ繧定ｦ九ｋ:

list the contents of the current working directory::

   % ls
   Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos  snap

:term:`髫�縺励ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ` (繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ蜷阪′"." 縺ｧ蟋九∪繧九ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ)繧ょ性繧√※蜈ｨ縺ｦ縺ｮ繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ繧定ｦ九ｋ:

list ALL files, including :term:`hidden files` (files with names starting with a period)::

   % ls -a
   .          .bash_history  .dbus   .profile   Documents  Pictures   Videos
   ..         .bashrc        .gnupg  .synaptic  Downloads  Public     snap
   .aptitude  .cache         .local  Desktop    Music      Templates


繝悶Ο繝�け謨ｰ縺ｧ謨ｰ縺医◆繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ髟ｷ縺輔ｒ陦ｨ遉ｺ縺ｫ蜷ｫ繧√ｋ:

Include the file length counted in terms of disk blocks::

  % ls -s
  蜷郁ｨ� 36
  4 Desktop    4 Downloads  4 Pictures  4 Templates  4 snap
  4 Documents  4 Music      4 Public    4 Videos

繝舌う繝域焚縺ｧ謨ｰ縺医◆繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ髟ｷ縺輔ｄ縲∵戟縺｡荳ｻ縺ｪ縺ｩ縺ｮ隧ｳ邏ｰ縺ｪ諠��ｱ繧貞性繧€髟ｷ蠖｢蠑上〒陦ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ:

List in LONG form, including the file length in bytes, and owner names::

  % ls -l
  蜷郁ｨ� 36
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Desktop
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Documents
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Downloads
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Music
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Pictures
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Public
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Templates
  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 12譛� 30  2017 Videos
  drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 12譛� 31  2017 snap

譎ｮ騾壹�繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｪ縺ｮ縺九ョ繧｣繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｪ縺ｮ縺九ｒ蛹ｺ蛻･縺吶ｋ險伜捷繧偵▽縺代※陦ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ:

Append a character to the file name representing the file type such as a directory::

  % ls -F
  Desktop/    Downloads/  Pictures/  Templates/  snap/
  Documents/  Music/      Public/    Videos/

濶ｲ繧偵▽縺代※陦ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ:

Use colors::

  % ls --color=auto

隍�焚縺ｮ繧ｪ繝励す繝ｧ繝ｳ繧堤ｵ�∩蜷医ｏ縺帙※陦ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ:

Combine multiple options at once::

  % ls --color=auto -Fs

縺ｩ繧薙↑繧ｪ繝励す繝ｧ繝ｳ縺後≠繧九�縺玖ｪｿ縺ｹ繧�:

Check what options are available::

  % ls --help
  % man ls

.. _command-pwd:

pwd 迴ｾ蝨ｨ縺ｮ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ繧堤｢ｺ隱阪☆繧�/print the current working directory
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ縺ｮ迴ｾ蝨ｨ縺ｮ菴懈･ｭ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ繧定｡ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ:

Print the shell's current working directory::

  % pwd
  /home/takahashi

pwd = print working directory

.. _command-cd:

cd 繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｮ遘ｻ蜍�/change the working directory
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
繧ｵ繝悶ョ繧｣繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ遘ｻ蜍輔☆繧�:

go to a subdirectory::

  % cd subdirectory_name

隕ｪ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ遘ｻ蜍輔☆繧�:

go to the parent directory::

  % cd ..

繝帙�繝�繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ遘ｻ蜍輔☆繧�:

Go to your home directory::

  % cd

縺ｩ縺薙°螂･縺ｾ縺｣縺溘ョ繧｣繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｧ菴懈･ｭ縺励※縺�ｋ縺ｨ縺阪↓縲�俣驕輔∴縺ｦcd縺ｫ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ蜷阪ｒ
謖�ｮ壹＠縺昴�繧後ｋ縺ｨ縲√％縺ｮ蠖｢蠑上↓縺ｪ縺｣縺ｦ縺励∪縺｣縺ｦ繝帙�繝�繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ遘ｻ蜍輔＠縺ｦ縺励∪縺�
縺ｮ縺ｧ縲∵ｳｨ諢上＠縺ｾ縺励ｇ縺�€�

When you are working in some deep place in the directory tree, and use cd by
mistake without an argument, this form will take effect and you will be taken
right back to your home directory, so be careful.

逶ｸ蟇ｾ繝代せ蜷阪〒蛻･縺ｮ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ遘ｻ蜍輔☆繧�:

go to another directory using a relative path name::

  % cd docs/chapter1/section2

邨ｶ蟇ｾ繝代せ蜷阪〒蛻･縺ｮ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ遘ｻ蜍輔☆繧�:

go to another directory using an absolute path name::

  % cd /usr/share

.. _command-mkdir:

mkdir 繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｮ菴懈�/creating directories
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ繧剃ｸ€縺､菴懈�縺吶ｋ:

make one directory::

  % mkdir my_project

繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ繧定､�焚菴懈�縺吶ｋ:

make a couple of directories at once::

  % mkdir include src

譛ｫ遶ｯ縺ｮ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ蜉�縺医※縲∝ｭ伜惠縺励※縺�↑縺�ｦｪ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ繧ゆｽ懈�縺吶ｋ:

make not just the target directory but also any not-yet-created PARENT directories as well::

  % mkdir -p my_project/src

.. _command-cp:

cp 繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ繧ｳ繝斐�/copying files
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

繧ｳ繝斐�蜈�€√さ繝斐�蜈医€√◎繧後◇繧後�繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ蜷阪ｒ謖�ｮ壹＠縺ｦ繧ｳ繝斐�縺吶ｋ��git縺ｮ邂｡逅�ｸ九�繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ蜑企勁縺ｯgit縺ｮ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨↓萓昴ｋ�� :

Copy one file specifying the source file name and the destination file name (Use git commands for files managed by git)::

  % cp source_file_name destination_file_name

繧ｳ繝斐�蜈医ョ繧｣繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ蜷阪ｒ謖�ｮ壹＠縺ｦ繧ｳ繝斐�縺吶ｋ:

Copy one or more files specifying the source file names and one destination directory name::

  % cp file_name1 file_name2 ...  directory_name

繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｮ荳ｭ霄ｫ縺ｾ縺ｧ縲∝�蟶ｰ逧�↓繧ｳ繝斐�縺吶ｋ:

Copy directory contents RECURSIVELY::

  % cp -r source_directory_name destination_directory_name

繝ｯ繧､繝ｫ繝峨き繝ｼ繝�/wildcards
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

諡｡蠑ｵ蟄� .h 縺ｧ邨ゅｏ繧九ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ蜈ｨ縺ｦ繧� include 繧ｵ繝悶ョ繧｣繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ繧ｳ繝斐�縺吶ｋ:

Copy all files that ends with ".h" into subdirectory "include"::

  % cp *.h include

繝ｯ繧､繝ｫ繝峨き繝ｼ繝峨�繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ縺ｮ讖溯�縺ｪ縺ｮ縺ｧ縲√←縺ｮ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨〒繧ゆｽ懃畑縺吶ｋ縲�

The wildcard expansion function is provided by the shell, so it applies to any command.

.. _command-mv:

mv 繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ蜷咲ｧｰ螟画峩繧�ｧｻ蜍�/renaming and moving files
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ蜷阪□縺代ｒ螟画峩縺吶ｋ縲√≠繧九＞縺ｯ譬ｼ邏榊�繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ繧貞､画峩縺吶ｋ縲√≠繧九＞縺ｯ荳｡閠�ｒ荳€蠎ｦ縺ｫ螟画峩縺吶ｋ��git縺ｮ邂｡逅�ｸ九�繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ蜑企勁縺ｯgit縺ｮ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨↓萓昴ｋ��:

Change the file name, or change the directory where the file belongs, or change both at once.(Use git commands for files managed by git)::

  % mv old_file_name new_file_name
  % mv old_directory/file_name new_directory/file_name
  % mv old_directory/old_file_name new_directory/new_file_name

隍�焚縺ｮ繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ繧貞挨縺ｮ繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｫ遘ｻ蜍輔＆縺帙ｋ:

Move multiple files into one directory::

  % mv file_name1 file_name2 ... directory_name

.. _command-rm:

rm 繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ蜑企勁/deleting (removing) files
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ繧貞炎髯､縺吶ｋ��git縺ｮ邂｡逅�ｸ九�繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ蜑企勁縺ｯgit縺ｮ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨↓萓昴ｋ��:

Remove files(Use git commands for files managed by git)::

  % rm file_name1 file_name2 ...

繝�く繧ｹ繝医ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ菴懈�繧�ｷｨ髮�/creating and editing text files
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

繝�く繧ｹ繝医ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ菴懈�縺ｫ縺ｯ繝�く繧ｹ繝医お繝�ぅ繧ｿ繧剃ｽｿ縺�∪縺吶€�
縲後ユ繧ｭ繧ｹ繝医お繝�ぅ繧ｿ縲阪→縺�≧縺ｮ縺ｯ縲√Ρ繝ｼ繝励Ο繧ｽ繝輔ヨ縺ｮ繧医≧縺ｫ縲√ユ繧ｭ繧ｹ繝�
繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ繧堤ｷｨ髮�☆繧九◆繧√�繝励Ο繧ｰ繝ｩ繝�縺ｧ縺吶€ゅΡ繝ｼ繝励Ο繧ｽ繝輔ヨ縺ｨ逡ｰ縺ｪ繧翫€�
譁�ｭ励ョ繝ｼ繧ｿ縺昴�繧ゅ�繧堤ｷｨ髮�☆繧玖�蜉帙＠縺区戟縺溘★縲√ヵ繧ｩ繝ｳ繝医ｒ邏ｰ縺九￥
螟峨∴縺溘ｊ縺吶ｋ縺薙→縺ｯ縺ｧ縺阪∪縺帙ｓ縲�

To create a text file, you use a text editor program.
A "text editor" is a program for typing text files, just like a
word processor.  Unlike a word processor program, you can enter
and edit text data only, and there is no such thing as
changing the font or color.

繧ｨ繝�ぅ繧ｿ縺ｫ縺ｯ縺�ｍ縺�ｍ縺ｪ繧ゅ�縺後≠繧翫∪縺吶€� :ref:`text-editor` 繧貞盾辣ｧ縲�

There are many available text editors. See :ref:`text-editor`.

nano繧ｨ繝�ぅ繧ｿ縺ｧ繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ蜷阪ｒ謖�ｮ壹＠縺ｦ繝�く繧ｹ繝医お繝�ぅ繧ｿ繧定ｵｷ蜍輔☆繧�:

Invoke the 'nano' text editor giving the file name::

  % nano hello.c

less 繝�く繧ｹ繝医ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ縺ｮ荳ｭ霄ｫ縺ｮ遒ｺ隱�/checking the content of text files
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
繝�く繧ｹ繝医ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ繧定｡ｨ遉ｺ縺輔○縲√く繝ｼ謫堺ｽ懊〒蜑榊ｾ後↓繧ｹ繧ｯ繝ｭ繝ｼ繝ｫ縺輔○繧�:

Show the content of a text file and provide keys to scroll::

  % less hello.c

荳ｻ縺ｪ繧ｭ繝ｼ謫堺ｽ�:

* ``q`` 邨ゆｺ�
* ``SPACE`` 1繝壹�繧ｸ騾ｲ繧√ｋ
* ``b`` 1繝壹�繧ｸ謌ｻ縺�
* ``g`` 蜈磯�ｭ縺ｫ謌ｻ繧�
* ``G`` 譛ｫ蟆ｾ縺ｫ騾ｲ繧€
* ``/譁�ｭ怜�[ENTER]`` 譛ｫ蟆ｾ縺ｫ蜷代￠縺ｦ譁�ｭ怜�繧呈､懃ｴ｢縺吶ｋ
* ``?譁�ｭ怜�[ENTER]`` 蜈磯�ｭ縺ｫ蜷代￠縺ｦ譁�ｭ怜�繧呈､懃ｴ｢縺吶ｋ

Commonly used functions:

* ``q`` quit
* ``SPACE`` move one page forward(towards the end of file)
* ``b`` move one page backward
* ``g`` go to the top of the file
* ``G`` go to the end of the file
* ``/pattern[ENTER]`` search a pattern towards the end of the file
* ``?pattern[ENTER]`` search a pattern towards the beginning of the file


繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ縺ｮ螟画焚/shell variables
----------------------------
繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ螟画焚繝ｻ迺ｰ蠅�､画焚/shell variables and environment variables
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:term:`繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ螟画焚` 縺ｫ蛟､繧定ｨｭ螳壹☆繧九↓縺ｯ縲√€悟､画焚蜷�=蛟､縲阪→譖ｸ縺阪∪縺吶€�
螟画焚蜷阪→"="縺ｮ髢薙↓遨ｺ逋ｽ繧偵＞繧後※縺ｯ縺�￠縺ｾ縺帙ｓ:

To assign a value to a shell variable, use the form "NAME=VALUE".
Do not put a space before "="::

  SOMEVAR=123
  OPTIONS="-Fs"
  MORE_OPTIONS="$OPTIONS --color=auto"

繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ螟画焚縺ｮ蜿ら�縺ｫ縺ｯ縲√€�$螟画焚蜷阪€阪→譖ｸ縺阪∪縺�:

To get the value of a shell variable, use the form "$VAR_NAME"::

  DESTDIR=../../some/distant/directory
  cp my_source_file.c $DESTDIR

"export 繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ螟画焚蜷�" 縺ｨ縺�≧繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨↓繧医ｊ縲∝€､繧定ｨｭ螳壽ｸ医∩縺ｮshell螟画焚繧偵€�
:term:`迺ｰ蠅�､画焚` 縺ｫ螟画鋤縺吶ｋ縺薙→縺後〒縺阪∪縺�:

With the command "export variable-name", an existing shell variable can be
converted to an :term:`environment variable`::

  export SOMEVAR

螟画焚縺ｮ蜀�ｮｹ繧定｡ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ/showing variable values
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

echo繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨↓貂｡縺吝ｼ墓焚繧偵◎縺ｮ縺ｾ縺ｾ繧ｪ繧ｦ繝�霑斐＠縺ｫ陦ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ(echo back縺吶ｋ):

The echo command will "echo back" the arguments::

  % SOMEVAR="one two three"
  % echo $SOMEVAR
  one two three
  % echo The value of SOMEVAR is $SOMEVAR
  The value of SOMEVAR is one two three

echo繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨↓蠑墓焚縺梧ｸ｡縺輔ｌ繧区焔蜑阪〒縲《hell縺�$SOMEVAR縺ｮ蛟､繧貞ｱ暮幕縺励€�
echo繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨�貂｡縺輔ｌ縺溷ｼ墓焚繧偵◎縺ｮ縺ｾ縺ｾ陦ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ縺ｮ縺ｧ縲∽ｸｭ霄ｫ繧堤｢ｺ隱阪〒縺阪∪縺吶€�

The shell will replace "$SOMEVAR" with the content of SOMEVAR,
and the echo command will receive the replaced result as arguments so
the content of the variables will be shown.
In this way, echo can be used to check the value of shell variables.

蠑墓焚縺ｫ縺､縺代ｋ蠑慕畑隨ｦ/quotes on command arguments
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

遨ｺ逋ｽ繧貞性繧€蠑墓焚繧偵さ繝槭Φ繝峨↓貂｡縺吶↓縺ｯ縲√ム繝悶Ν繧ｯ繧ｩ繝ｼ繝医ｒ菴ｿ縺�∪縺�:

Use double quotes to pass arguments that include spaces::

  % echo These words will be separate commandline arguments.
  % echo "But these words will be a single commandline argument."

繝€繝悶Ν繧ｯ繧ｩ繝ｼ繝医�荳ｭ縺ｧ繧ゅ€∝､画焚縺ｮ螻暮幕縺ｯ陦後ｏ繧後∪縺�:

Variables references is active inside double quotes::

  % SOMEVAR=one two three
  % echo "The value of SOMEVAR is now : $SOMEVAR"
  The value of SOMEVAR is now : one two three

螟画焚縺ｮ螻暮幕繧よ椛豁｢縺励◆縺��ｴ蜷茨ｼ医€�$縲阪→陦ｨ遉ｺ縺励◆縺��ｴ蜷医↑縺ｩ�峨�縲�
繧ｷ繝ｳ繧ｰ繝ｫ繧ｯ繧ｩ繝ｼ繝医ｒ菴ｿ縺�∪縺�:

When you want to inhibit variable references,
(e.g. when you want to print the "$" character), use single quotes.::

  % echo 'Use the notation $VARNAME to get the value of VARNAME.'
  Use the notation $VARNAME to get the value of VARNAME.

蠑慕畑隨ｦ縺ｮ荳ｭ縺ｧ蠑慕畑隨ｦ繧呈嶌縺阪◆縺��ｴ蜷医↓縺ｯ縲√◎縺ｮ譁�ｭ励�蜑阪↓繧ｨ繧ｹ繧ｱ繝ｼ繝玲枚蟄励�
繝舌ャ繧ｯ繧ｹ繝ｩ繝�す繝･縺ｾ縺溘�蜀��繝ｼ繧ｯ�域枚蟄励さ繝ｼ繝峨�蜷後§繧ゅ�縺�縺後€∫ｫｯ譛ｫ繧�
繝輔か繝ｳ繝医�險ｭ螳壹↓繧医▲縺ｦ陦ｨ遉ｺ縺悟､峨ｏ繧具ｼ峨ｒ縺､縺代∪縺吶€�::

  echo 'Inside single quotes, \'$VARNAME\' will not be expanded.'

迺ｰ蠅�､画焚縺ｮ險ｭ螳�/Setting environment variables
--------------------------------------------

迺ｰ蠅�､画焚PATH繧剃ｸ€譎ら噪縺ｫ險ｭ螳壹☆繧�/temporarily set the environment variable PATH
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

縺吶〒縺ｫ螳夂ｾｩ縺輔ｌ縺ｦ縺�ｋPATH縺ｮ蛟､縺ｫ蜉�縺医※縲√�繝ｼ繝�繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縲�$HOME縲阪�荳九�bin繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ
繧定ｿｽ蜉�縺吶ｋ萓�:

Append the "bin" directory inside your home directory to the environment variable PATH::

  % export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

- export 縺ｯ縲∝､画焚縺檎腸蠅�､画焚縺ｧ縺ゅｋ縺薙→繧貞ｮ｣險€縺吶ｋ繧ｭ繝ｼ繝ｯ繝ｼ繝�
- 莉｣蜈･縺ｮ蜿ｳ霎ｺ縺ｮ$PATH縺ｯ縲√ｂ縺ｨ縺ｮPATH縺ｮ蛟､縺ｫ螻暮幕縺輔ｌ繧�
- $HOME 縺ｯ繝帙�繝�繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ縺ｮ繝代せ蜷阪↓螻暮幕縺輔ｌ繧�

繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ縺ｫ逶ｴ謗･export縺ｨ蜈･蜉帙☆繧九％縺ｮ譁ｹ豕輔〒縺ｯ縲√ち繝ｼ繝溘リ繝ｫ繧定ｿｽ蜉�縺ｧ髢九＞縺溘ｊ縲�
谺｡蝗槭Ο繧ｰ繧､繝ｳ縺励◆髫帙↓縺ｯ險ｭ螳壹′螟ｱ繧上ｌ繧九�縺ｧ縲∽ｸ€譎ら噪縺ｪ險ｭ螳壹〒讒九ｏ縺ｪ縺�→縺阪↓菴ｿ縺�∪縺吶€�

The above method of typing in "export" to a shell will have the effect
only in that shell, and when you open a new terminal or login again,
the setting will be lost.  So use this style when a temporary setting
is enough.

迺ｰ蠅�､画焚PATH繧偵€∝ｸｸ縺ｫ譛牙柑縺ｫ縺ｪ繧九ｈ縺�↓險ｭ螳壹☆繧�/permanently set the environment variable PATH
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

迺ｰ蠅�､画焚縺ｸ縺ｮ險ｭ螳壹ｒ繧ｷ繧ｧ繝ｫ縺ｮ蛻晄悄蛹悶ヵ繧｡繧､繝ｫ縺ｫ譖ｸ縺�※縺翫￥縺ｨ縲√Ο繧ｰ繧､繝ｳ譎ゅ↓
豈主屓險ｭ螳壹＆繧後ｋ繧医≧縺ｫ縺ｪ繧翫∪縺吶€�

繝帙�繝�繝�ぅ繝ｬ繧ｯ繝医Μ逶ｴ荳九� .profile繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺ｫ繝�く繧ｹ繝医お繝�ぅ繧ｿ縺ｧPATH縺ｸ縺ｮ莉｣蜈･繧呈嶌縺榊刈縺医∪縺吶€�

Open or create the .profile file in your home directory with a text editor
and add an assignment to PATH. ::

    # This file is .profile
    export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

螟画峩縺梧怏蜉ｹ縺ｫ縺ｪ繧九�縺ｯ縲√％縺ｮ繝輔ぃ繧､繝ｫ縺後す繧ｧ繝ｫ縺ｫ隱ｭ縺ｿ霎ｼ縺ｾ繧後ｋ繧ｿ繧､繝溘Φ繧ｰ縺ｧ縺吶€�
macos縺ｮ蝣ｴ蜷医�縲√ち繝ｼ繝溘リ繝ｫ繧ｦ繧｣繝ｳ繝峨え繧帝哩縺倥※髢九″逶ｴ縺帙�縲√◎縺ｮ譎らせ縺ｧ隱ｭ縺ｿ霎ｼ縺ｾ繧後∪縺吶€�
Linux縺ｮ蝣ｴ蜷医�縲√Ο繧ｰ繧､繝ｳ縺励↑縺翫＠縺滓凾轤ｹ縺ｧ譛牙柑縺ｫ縺ｪ繧翫∪縺吶€�

The change will take effect when the shell reads it.  For macos, when you
close the terminal window and reopen it, the file will be read.
For linux, the file will be read on the next login.

:ref:`shell-rc-files` 縺ｫ縲√＆繧峨↓隧ｳ縺励＞隱ｬ譏弱′縺ゅｊ縺ｾ縺吶€�

See also  :ref:`shell-rc-files`.

.. _command-history:

history 繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝牙ｱ･豁ｴ/command history
------------------------------------

繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨�螻･豁ｴ繧定｡ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ:

show the command history::

  % history

逡ｪ蜿ｷ繧呈欠螳壹＠縺ｦ螻･豁ｴ縺ｮ荳ｭ縺ｮ繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨ｒ蜀榊ｺｦ螳溯｡後☆繧�:

run a command in the history specifying the history number::

  % !73

蜈･蜉帙＠縺溘さ繝槭Φ繝峨�蜈磯�ｭ縺ｮ謨ｰ譁�ｭ励ｒ蜈･蜉帙＠縺ｦ縲√さ繝槭Φ繝峨ｒ蜀榊ｮ溯｡後☆繧�:

run a command in the history specifying the first few letters of the command line::

  % !ma

縺薙�萓九〒縺ｯ縲√€稽a縲阪〒蟋九∪繧九€√ｂ縺｣縺ｨ繧よ怙霑大�蜉帙＠縺溘さ繝槭Φ繝�("make"縺ｪ縺ｩ)縺悟�蠎ｦ螳溯｡後＆繧後ｋ縲�

In this case, the most recent command that starts with "ma" will be run (e.g. "make").

繧ｸ繝ｧ繝也ｮ｡逅�ｼ医ヰ繝�け繧ｰ繝ｩ繧ｦ繝ｳ繝牙ｮ溯｡鯉ｼ�/Job control(background execution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
繧ｸ繝ｧ繝也ｮ｡逅��讎ょｿｵ縺ｫ縺､縺�※縺ｯ :ref:`shell-job-control` 蜿ら�縲�
�医せ繝代さ繝ｳ縺ｧ縺ｮ繝励Ο繧ｰ繝ｩ繝�螳溯｡後�莉慕ｵ�∩縺ｫ繧ゅ€後ず繝ｧ繝悶€阪→縺�≧險€闡峨′蜃ｺ縺ｦ縺阪∪縺吶′縲∝挨縺ｮ繧ゅ�縺ｧ縺吶€ゑｼ�

See :ref:`shell-job-control` for a description on job control.

繝舌ャ繧ｯ繧ｰ繝ｩ繧ｦ繝ｳ繝峨ず繝ｧ繝悶→縺励※繧ｳ繝槭Φ繝峨ｒ襍ｷ蜍輔☆繧�:

Invoke a command as a background job::

  % firefox &

螳溯｡御ｸｭ縺ｮ繝輔か繧｢繧ｰ繝ｩ繧ｦ繝ｳ繝峨ず繝ｧ繝悶ｒ繧ｵ繧ｹ繝壹Φ繝峨☆繧�:

Suspend the current foreground job::

  Ctrl-z

繧ｵ繧ｹ繝壹Φ繝我ｸｭ縲√♀繧医�繝舌ャ繧ｯ繧ｰ繝ｩ繧ｦ繝ｳ繝我ｸｭ縺ｮ繧ｸ繝ｧ繝悶�荳€隕ｧ繧定｡ｨ遉ｺ縺吶ｋ:

Show all jobs that are suspended or running in the background::

  % jobs

繧ｵ繧ｹ繝壹Φ繝峨＠縺溘ず繝ｧ繝悶ｒ蜀阪�繝輔か繧｢繧ｰ繝ｩ繧ｦ繝ｳ繝峨ず繝ｧ繝悶→縺励※蜃ｦ逅��髢九＆縺帙ｋ:

Resume the suspended job as a foreground job::

  % fg

繧ｵ繧ｹ繝壹Φ繝峨＠縺溘ず繝ｧ繝悶ｒ繝舌ャ繧ｯ繧ｰ繝ｩ繧ｦ繝ｳ繝峨ず繝ｧ繝悶→縺励※蜃ｦ逅��髢九＆縺帙ｋ:

Resume the suspended job as a background job::

  % bg